instant ocean sea salt vs reef crystals

Do you need Reef Salt for LPS and SPS or just SPS? Eheim 2215 vs 2217: Which Canister Filter Is Better for You? You can learn more about their process in the video below: Red seacoral pro salt is one of the more trusted mixes used by frag sellers and SPS stick heads. View full details $159.99 | / 26 in stock Add to cart Quick shop % Aquaforest . . The founder of Brightwell is the former owner of Kent Marine and their products are extensively researched and tested over a multi-year period. Correct pH and buffering capacity, essential minerals and trace elements have been added in precise ratios to ensure a correctly blended mix for the health and longevity of your livestock. Figure a 200 gallon box of Reef Crystals is about $0.27/gal and the smaller bags are like $0.36/gal. Instant Ocean recommends 1.020-1.026 at 77 degrees F. I mix my saltwater to achieve 1.025 SG at a temp of 79F. Tropic Marin Pro Reef Salt is the best salt mix you can purchase for your reef tank available on the market today period. Many tropical fish have long lifespans which means they share a lot of time with us. Keep in mind that you should test the levels of magnesium and calcium in your display tank and in the water that you have mixed with reef crystals. Can You Have Too Much Flow In A Reef Tank. Aquarium Pumps & Filters Instant Ocean Reef Crystal Sea Salt Marine Mix, 50-Gallon, New, 3.1 out of 5 stars 2. AquaForest Probiotic The Only One That Is ICP Tested, 5. If you follow reef YouTubers around, you likely have heard of Fritz Reef Pro Mix. Formulated by researchers and marine scientists, RPM contains all of the necessary major and minor Red Sea’s Coral Pro Salt contains biologically balanced, elevated levels of the foundation elements (Calcium, Magnesium, Carbonates) necessary for sustainable, accelerated coral growth. Mix as directed above. Instant Ocean is engineered to closely match natural seawater, and Reef Crystals are enriched to facilitate the. Thanks mcgyvr. I always recommend to my clients that they need to dose their tank to their salt mix. You will want to wait at least 20-30 minutes every time you have to add salt in when testing your salinity. I recommend using this refractometer. This is where we start getting into details. Instant Ocean at Petsmart- I just ordered 3. Nano reef tanks are good candidates for a salt mix with higher parameters since they sometimes are not dosed as they rely on water changes to get parameters back up. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Reef tank equipment and automation is key to maintaining a stable saltwater tank, and a refugium can help keep nutrients in check. The pharmaceutical grade sea salt especially for modern reef aquaria. A: Instant Ocean is engineered to closely match natural seawater, and Reef Crystals is enriched to facilitate the growth of corals and other invertebrates in a reef aquarium. The main advantage with Fritz Reef Pro Mix is that it mixes very fast. I usually let it mix overnight and test the salinity again because I do my water changes. Salinity 35 ppt | Ca 400-450 ppm|Mg 1300-1400 ppm|Alkalinity10 11.5dkh. For a tank that large, I imagine you are using some type of water reserve or water changing station to keep saltwater mixed to be at the ready. +1 for reef crystals. All Rights Reserved. . It is very expensive and hard to find locally, but if you have designer SPS corals, this is the reef salt to buy. If specific gravity is too low, add more Reef Crystals salt. That way your parameters dont swing when you change your water. For example, lets say you buy a 200-gallon box of reef crystals for $70. Instant Ocean Crystals Budget Friendly, 4. Air in reefer 900 seam should I be worried. Reef salt is made up of all the salts and trace elements that you find in seawater such as chloride, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. 2.3 2) Instant Ocean Sea Salt For Marine Aquariums. ), Salt mix package is measure at 35 PPM you will actually get the volume stated on the box, Low ALK can be a disadvantage for those who dont dose (e.g. What do you recommend? Continue with Recommended Cookies. Saltwater is only as good as the equipment you use to maintain it. So I was all ready to switch until I read your article. It really depends on what corals you are planning to keep. Rated 4.5439 out of 5 stars . Instant Ocean Reef Crystals Reef Salt is the budget friendly reef salt for many of us with reef tanks. Same can be said with a FOWLR tank. I have also seen a few mixes that have failed ICP tests with several parameters being too low. Mix Reef Crystals salt with ordinary dechlorinated water. Though we might not be able to interact with these animals in the ways we do with others, there's still a deep bond. Its a known fact in our hobby that most retailers lose money selling salt, especially online retailers as the shipping cost is very high in comparison to other dry goods. It is readily available at the local fish stores and online though, meaning you wont have to worry about getting your normal salt mix in a pinch if you need to get it locally. Nicole is Reef Builders Event Manager and is responsible for running ReefStock shows in Denver and Sydney. We have been using reef crystals, but have noticed lots of hair algae recently. 5% Rewards - Buy and earn $2.97 in Reward points. So when it comes to choosing the salt for your aquarium, keep it simple: Instant Ocean Sea Salt for fish only environments, and Instant Ocean Reef Crystal for more complex reef based environments. You need a mix that's meant for saltwater aquariums. if You have a significant population of growing stony corals, you will have to dose ALK and Ca or do heroic water changes. You can be confident that whichever option you choose, you're getting a product that has been a favorite among hobbyists for many years. Reef Crystals vs. Red Sea Coral Pro Salt - Reef Central Online Community The Reef Central Forums are now located at https://forums.reefcentral.com The old forum is closed to new activity. Fast dissolving. Create listings for FREE and gain access to tools and services that can help your online aquarium business flourish. What type of tank do you have and making sure you dose to what your salt mix is. A Business Card sized reference card for the most common aquarium parameters.  Reef Crystals Reef Salt Box (Makes 200 Gallons) - Instant Ocean, $$$ Money Saver Aquarium Dry Live Rock (by the lb), HI755-26 HI772-26 Alkalinity Checker Reagent (25 Tests) - Hanna Instruments, Marco Rocks Reef Saver Premium Rock (by the lb) - Marco Rock, 1/4" Mur-lok Polyethylene BLUE RO Tubing (by the Foot), FritzPRO R.P.M. Fortunately I have been taking things nice and slow and enjoying the establishing process of building a nice tank and listening to other reefers and learning in the process instead of jumping all in. Unfortunately, fish die. The other issue is the evaluated alkalinity of the mix. Perhaps you have a nano tank and buy a 10-gallon bag of reef crystals for $15. Every Order on SaltwaterAquarium.com is eligible to receive a Free Gift, just add it to your cart before checkout! This is the main reason I stopped selling salt mixes online. Red Sea Coral Pro Made From the Actual Red Sea, 6. Used by hobbyists . The pro reef salt has the most ideal big three parameters for SPS tanks. Now lets go into detail and see why each mix was picked, With pharmaceutical level ingredients and a guarantee of all 70 trace elements, Tropic Marin is ideal for tanks full of designer corals. Hundreds of articles to help you with your aquarium. There have been questions regarding using a salt calculator to figure out how much salt you need to add. Stir vigorously to mix salt and water. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This post may have affiliate links, which means we may receive commissions if you choose to purchase through links I provide (at no extra cost to you). 134 g per 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of purified water yields a specific gravity of ~1.025 g/cm3, with a pH of ~8.30 and alkalinity of ~7.5 dKH. More Buying Choices $42.95 (3 new offers) Kraken Reef UV Coral Viewing Glasses 4.7 (418) 200+ bought in past month $1299 NEVER mix salt in an aquarium containing animals. Formulated specially for use in reef aquariums, Reef Crystals contains essential ocean reef elements in concentrations greater than those found in natural sea water. The main difference between Instant Ocean Sea Salt and Reef Crystals is that Reef Crystals contain higher levels of magnesium and calcium. Enriched formulation. Many reef salt mixes you will see on this list will have evaluated Alkalinity. I recommend that you do not use a calculator for this. This includes the amount or quantity of elements in the salt. Plus, it tends to be a bit more popular, so its often easier to find locally which can save you a few extra bucks in shipping costs. He has worked on making aquarium and pond keeping approachable. Colorful koi fish been revered for centuries, and it's easy to see why. DIVER'S DEN WYSIWYG Store - 100's of NEW Aquatic Life Added Daily! Thank you for visiting! But here is a direct quote from Instant Ocean themselves. FREE 1-3 day shipping on this item. This allows for ASD to promote items that are more effective to promote via Amazon versus selling on this site due to shipping costs, the vendor's choice to only carry through Amazon, or order minimums. Andrew. Saltwater Mix: Instant Ocean vs Reef Crystals. If too high, add more dechlorinated water. Anti-caking agents tend to turn your saltwater holding buckets and vats brown over time. Might even consider reverting to Standard Instant Ocean if the difference in dosing is negligible at a given saturation point. The pro mix has higher alkalinity while the regular Red Sea mix has lower alkalinity. For example, SPS corals like Acropora are going to need different parameters and trace elements vs. say a softie tank. Optimum effectiveness. Stir vigorously to mix salt and water. The Europeans do it again with a revolutionary probiotic salt mix. Having said that I have yet to introduce any corals but am finally at the place where I am ready to. Although the Reef Crystals solution may be used immediately, we suggest aerating the water until it achieves oxygen/carbon dioxide equilibrium. Contains extra calcium, select trace elements, and vitamins above natural seawater concentrations. Gyre vs Powerhead: Which Should You Put in Your Reef Tank? Reef Crystals also contains special additives to help detoxify excess heavy metals, such as copper, and is fully compatible with all marine aquariums. You can also use it for reef tanks provided you add the additional amount of elements needed to meet a reef tanks requirements. If you have a Ca reactor or a good dosing pump system you could still use IO but Reef Crystals probably makes it a little easier to maintain Ca, alk and Mg levels. It is affordable, easy to use, and accurate. Are you guilty of just using whatever salt you can find, or have you ever really given much thought to the salt you are using and why? The difference is that the Reef crystals contain a higher concentration. NeoMarine has a lower Alkalinity, which is great for SPS tanks. I want to get around all the marketing fluff and just tell you what works for your tank and needs. But lets go further into the question. instant ocean @ 1018 for 40 years aquadrome erie pa. Been using IO for longer than I'd care to admit - never had a reason to use anything else. The Best Corals for the Bottom of a Reef Tank. Both products have received positive feedback from hobbyists and ultimately, the choice between them comes down to personal preference. It actually depends on your reef tank setup and the corals you keep. Things that corals use to grow and survive. Instant Ocean has been around since the 1960s, when William Kelley, the former director of the Cleveland aquarium founded the business. Its just not the best for hard corals because of the batch consistency. Amazon.com: Reef Crystals 17 results for "reef crystals" Results Aquarium Pumps & Filters Instant Ocean Reef Crystal Sea Salt Marine Mix, 50-Gallon, New, 3.1 (2) $4299 FREE delivery Wed, Apr 12 Only 3 left in stock - order soon. Brightwell Aquatics NeoMarine Salt providing all major elements, minor and trace elements, and elements known to be in natural seawater. When hes not writing about fish, you can find him going for a run or building websites, such as this one! 2.4 Pros & Cons. Always like to learn from other reefers. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. There is a cost-saving to buying salt in larger quantities. All Rights Reserved. WheresTheReef Scouts honor . Some fish store recommended me to get a dosing which is pretty expensive. Yes, fortunately many LFS around us supply Fritz because they have built a massive marketing machine promoting their products. User Tag List View First Unread Previous Thread | Next Thread Thread Tools There is a quick list for you depending on your needs below: I hope this article helps with figuring out what salt mix works best for you. Adjust salt level accordingly. Red Sea Coral Pro 490 7 1300. A general rule is to use cup of salt per gallon of water. Used by hobbyists, public aquariums, and research facilities. What is the proper way to mix Instant Ocean salt? There are many things in the saltwater aquarium hobby that are considered to be a staple item and have been around for quite a long time. Salt mixes that are mostly or 100%synthetic represent some of the highest quality and most expensive reef salt mixes in the market. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. Join 100,000+ Subscribers and stay up to date on education, news, sales & deals. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Nicole Helgason is a professional scuba diver and can often be found photographing corals and sharing her passion about coral reefs around the world. Others will be pulled from the ocean like Red Sea Salt. The brand Instant Ocean has been producing aquarium salt and other items for many years. His place is a coral farm and theres no doubting his success with corals. You could purchase a 50-gallon bag of Instant Ocean sea salt for around $25. As you can see, the main difference between these two products is that Reef Crystals contain additional calcium and magnesium and Instant Ocean Sea Salt does not. Instant Ocean has been a mainstay in the industry for over 50 years. Buy and sell with other aquarium hobbyists. If you perform 2 water changes each month at 20 gallons each, you will need to make 40 gallons of saltwater each month. The #1 choice of hobbyists, public aquariums, and scientific research facilities, Instant Our Reef Cleaner Packages are Wild Collected they let you naturally control algae, maintain crystal clear water, and keep your sand bed sifted. While it doesnt have the additional magnesium and calcium, its much more affordable, and you wont have to worry about a compromise in quality. Thanks for your kind words. 2. This is because it is well documented that Fritz has had quality control issues in the past. The Brightwell NeoMarine Salt is so well regarded, that it is the reef salt of choice for World Wide Corals, one of the major coral sellers in the United States. Each year, he continues to help his readers and clients with knowledge, professional builds, and troubleshooting. A have a third lfs , which in addition to Reef Crystals sells Kent. #3. Recommended Specific Gravity Range: 1.020-1.026 at 77F. I like that Reef Crystals contain a lot of the excess nutrients needed for coral growth which limits the need to dose anything or at least a lot. Coral Pros Alkalinity of 12 dKH makes it ideal for mixed reefs and SPS frag tanks. You can also use it for reef tanks provided you add the additional amount of elements needed to meet a reef tank's requirements. I currently have a 375 gallon aquarium, mostly soft corals to this point but Im trying to keep more sps and corals. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. We earn from qualifying purchases.*. *FREE SHIPPING on qualifying aquatic life orders $229 and up. Increased alkalinity has been shown to increase the growth of SPS. Testing the salinity of your Instant Ocean salt can be done using a refractometer. However, if you are hoping to establish a more complex reef based ecosystem with live rock and corals, they recommend using the Reef Crystals.The main reason for this is that the additional living organisms that come with a full on reef based ecosystem require more nutrients from their salt to grow than fish do. However, if you are serious about Acropora corals, I would steer away from this mix. The Sea Salt simply packs a much smaller list of chemical properties that are suited to provide your fish only with what they need to thrive. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Saltwater aquarium hobbyists who plan on keeping corals, especially stony corals, will benefit from the added Magnesium and Calcium seen in Reef Crystals . D-D The Aquarium Solution has added a second formulation to its popular H2Ocean salt brand. 100+ viewed in past week. There are a few main differences between the two. (I recommend using a refractometer). Spectrum Brands, a Wisconsin-based company with over 5 billion in revenue, owns the subsidiary Instant Ocean, a Blacksburg, VA-based business that specializes in sea salt, protein skimmers, and other aquarium-related accessories. The mix also has anti-caking agents which will turn your buckets and holding vats brown over time with crud making non-ideal to use for those who like to store saltwater. Below is a video from Raising Reef with better visual introductions and with directions for those of you who like to use water changing stations or store water. This salt mix is neither the best nor the worst, more of the middle of the road type mix. Q: What is the difference between Instant Ocean Sea Salt and Reef Crystals? For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. JavaScript is disabled. Knowing which salt is right for you comes down to the needs of your tanks livestock, your maintenance schedule, and most importantly alkalinity. SeaChem Reef Salt 540 10 1450. The Auto Delivery schedule can be changed in the cart. Although the Reef crystals can be used right away, we suggest aerating the water until it achieves oxygen/carbon equilibrium. In the list Im going to provide you will see that I label each marine salt for you as synthetic or mined. Please advise. Instant Ocean Reef Crystals; Instant Ocean is a legacy aquarium product found at most local fish stores. Yes I was referring to standard Instant Ocean Salt vs Instant Ocean Reef Crystals. Both are very affordable and are most times cheaper than other brands on the market. I like that Reef Crystals contain a lot of the excess nutrients needed for coral growth which limits the need to dose anything or at least a lot. 3 Instant ocean reef crystals vs red sea coral pro. Its actually easier than you think. Losing a pet is never easy, but losing a fish can really be hard! Seachems Purigen vs MatrixCarbon: Which Is Better? I would recommend Brightwall for SPS if you Tropical Marine is too expensive. Hi Cherry. Thanks for your help. These are controlled systems where visitors can extend their hands into the water with the hopes that a stingray will swim by to be touched. Instant Ocean reef crystals on Amazon here. It has now been 2 years and thinks seem to be going well. Red Sea 400 8 1300. New to Saltwater & Reef Aquariums? Not sure if that is a plausible assumption but would make since seeing as I feed lightly, skim heavily and WC 20% a week with a dual reactor running. Salinity: 35 ppt (1.025 sg)| Ca: 413 mg/l| Mg: 1290 mg/l|Alkalinity 7.5 dKH. Every 4 months you would have enough salt leftover for an extra month. I use reef crystals. Because water conditions at different locations vary tremendously, a commercial dechlorinator is recommended to completely neutralize any concentrations of chlorine and/or chloramines. This means there are two ideal places to purchase your salt mix. It is not available locally, but you can order it in bulk online. If specific gravity is too low, add more Reef Crystals. NOTE: 1.4 lbs of Reef Crystals is formulated to create 5 gallons of saltwater at a specific gravity of 1.021. If you are storing saltwater for future use, I wouldnt recommend Reef Crystals because the caking. Salt Mix Box (55 lbs - Makes 200 Gallons) - Fritz Aquatics, MarcoRocks Shelf Premium Dry Rock (by the lb) - Marco Rock, 1/4" Mur-lok Polyethylene ORANGE RO Tubing (by the Foot), HI782-25 Nitrate High Range Reagents (25 tests) - Hanna Instruments, SaltwaterAquarium.com Tank Parameter Reference Card, HI713-25 Phosphate Low Range Checker Reagent (25 Tests) - Hanna Instruments, Sea Salt Mix Box (Makes 200 Gallons) - Instant Ocean, (Germany) Pro Reef Salt Bucket (200 Gallon) - Tropic Marin, Reef Crystals Salt Mix Bucket (Makes 160 Gallons) - Instant Ocean, Large Bucket Coral Pro Sea Salt Mix (Makes 175 Gallons) - Red Sea, Small Bucket Coral Pro Sea Salt Mix (Makes 55 Gallons) - Red Sea, Fritz PRO RPM Salt Mix Bucket (48 lbs - Makes 180 Gallons) - Fritz Aquatics, Extra Calcium to help ensure the growth of large and small polyp stony corals as well as coralline algae, Extra Trace Elements to provide an additional measure of vital nutrients, Extra Vitamins to ensure vigorous growth and survival of corals, anemones and other invertebrates in a captive environment. This high alkalinity mixture tests between 9.5-13 DKh depending on the water temperature. Some people swear by one brand of salt mix while others will go out of their way to talk about why this salt mix brand is way better than others. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. While they are everywhere, this is not the best reef salt mix on the list. Salinity: 35 ppt (1.0264 sg)| Ca: 420 mg/l| Mg: 1300 mg/l|Alkalinity 8 dKH. lf too high, add more dechlorinated water. Instant Ocean Reef Crystals Reef Salt is a great way to start your marine aquarium. You may or may not be surprised by how different they actually are. However, it is a great aquarium salt mix for those with fish only, fish only with live rock, and soft coral dominated tanks. You can then use these numbers to figure out how much its going to cost you each month to purchase salt for your tank. So lets get started. 11. There are other differences which I explain below. Instant ocean reef crystals are easy-to-use and provide all of the necessary elements required for a healthy coral environment. Reef Crystals Reef Salt Box (Makes 200 Gallons) - Instant Ocean. Now I am in the process of turning my 4 month old 210 Gallon w/40 Gallon Sump into a Fish and Coral Reef Aquarium. Red Sea Salt contains moderately elevated and balanced levels of thefoundation elements(Calcium, Magnesium, Bicarbonates) necessary for sustainable coral growth. Adjust salt level accordingly. You are using an out of date browser. 99. Flawed logic IMO. How long do you mix it? Interested in what people have to say, experience with either/both and reasons for using one over the other. If youre looking to create saltwater at home, youll need a few things, a mixing bucket, RO/DI water, a heater, and the most important part - reef salt. The advantages of this packing are many: You can mix up a batch without ever having to check the salinity. Copyright 2023 Salt Tank Report. You will also need a heater and powerhead to mix the salt. Tropic Marin 375 10 1230. What difference does ten bucks make? Lets talk about the main parameters that make up a reef salt mix. Instant Ocean is engineered to closely match natural seawater, and reef crystals is enriched to facilitate the growth of corals and other invertebrates in a reef aquarium. 3. Many successful reefs use this salt. The More You Spend, The More You Get! Used by public aquariums and research facilities. They make Instant Ocean sea salt and Instant Ocean Reef Crystals. NOTE: 1.4 lbs of Reef Crystals is formulated to create 5 gallons of saltwater at a specific gravity of 1.021. I always see great deals on Instant Ocean salt. Instant Ocean Aquarium Sea Salt, 200-gal. All content here is available for continued discussion at the new forums. I dont have a hardcore acro tank, but if I did I would be running Tropic Marin or AquaForest. We use affiliate links and may receive a small commission on purchases. Red Sea Coral Pro mix contains elevated and balanced levels of thefoundation elements(Calcium, Magnesium, Bicarbonates) necessary for sustainable, accelerated coral growth. Its just not worth taking the losses to ship them. Copyright 2023, LiveAquaria. CAUTION: REEF CRYSTALS IS NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. Reef Crystals (and other reef orientated salt mixes) have higher levels or essential and trace elements that would probably benefit stony corals more. The stability and quality control of this mix makes this pretty much a must for those with the most demanding corals like Acroporas. Any discounts on Instant Ocean: Reef Crystals? You will want to dose to your water change parameters. The Reef Central Forums are now located at https://forums.reefcentral.comThe old forum is closed to new activity. Always use the recommendations from the manufacturer to determine how much salt to use. Ive added another phosphate reducer pad to the filter. This salt will work great for softy and LPS tanks that can take the swings better, but you run the risk of problems after water changes with this mix with sensitive SPS corals like Acros. They started in Europe in the late 1990s and recently entered into the US Market. The N?oMarine Salt creates a marine environment so chemically-similar to natural seawater it would be hard to tell any difference between water prepared with N?oMarine and filtered natural seawater from tropical reef waters. While both products are renowned as being the best on the market, they are notably different, and its very important to know these differences before deciding which one you want to fill your tank with.The first thing you need to think about when deciding between the two is exactly what kind of aquarium you have or hope to have. That reading should be consistent for the rest of the salt batch. Hi I am a very beginner to have a SPS tank. If you are just getting started out, you cannot go wrong with the Instant Ocean Reef Crystals salt as this will work for most reef tanks including mixed reefs. Instant Ocean sea salt will be cheaper to purchase versus reef crystals. If you you use Reef Crystal Salt how much Coral Life is required to consume the excess nutrients that comes in that type of salt? Mix Reef crystals with dechlorinated tap or purified water. Those 2 salts are the only one that Triton is recommending. I've used plain old instant ocean for reef tanks and it worked fine. The #1 choice of hobbyists, public aquariums, and scientific research facilities, Instant Fritz ProAquatics Reef Pro Mix (RPM) is manufactured using only the highest quality raw materials. Reefer's Best 420 11 1200. Prices may vary slightly depending on the retailer, but both salts are usually available in 10-gallon, 50-gallon, 160-gallon, and 200-gallon options. If you have a bucket, mix it thoroughly prior to use, mix, then test. Thanks everyone. Ive recommended Brightwell Aquatics products in the past like their Neophos and Mircobacter 7. Every batch is ICP tested. Both of these products are top end choices that youll find recommended in just about any forum across the web, and maintaining an aquarium can be tricky enough without having to nitpick between products on every decision you make. I don't think there is a good reason to run levels outside of that range but we all have our preferences. Since I use water changing stations, I stay away from anything that cakes. So its Brightwell for me. Have you tested your water parameters or your water after its been mixed to see if you are getting high phosphates or nitrates? The logic for RC always seemed like 'if one pill works, two must be better'. Red Sea Blue Bucket and TMPR are the best salts. There are many incredible looking reef tanks that use Instant Ocean Reef Crystals and you will save some money using it over the other brands. Contact us today to start your advertisement! Fritz RPM Reef Pro Mix is manufactured using only the highest quality raw materials.

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