importance of school health records

The computer software organizes data in ways that are easy to interpret and put to use. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. It is important to take this into account when interpreting results. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. Copyright 2022 webdev. Valentina Baltag, Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. Make the most of doctor visits. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! Evans and colleagues reviewed seven RCTs from China, India, and Tanzania on vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits at or before school entry (Table 3H) [21]. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. of school health services globally: A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. From this picture, the school health council or other health committees can move forward in creating an action plan, monitoring activities, and celebrating successes. not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. It develops personal character, skills, attitude, and physique. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. The guidance confirms that disclosures of student educational records (including certain health records) are only permitted by FERPA with the prior written consent of an eligible student or the student's parent/legal guardian (non-eligible student) or if one of the permissive exceptions to the general consent requirement applies. School health will be fully integrated into the greater healthcare system to provide a holistic, child-centered, health system. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. The 20 SRs covered eight health areas: nine on mental health [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36], four on oral health [18,25,27,30], two on asthma [31,37], and one SR each on sleep [20]; obesity [26]; vision [21]; menstrual management [22]; and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [35]. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Table B. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. Retain all of your child's school accounts can help you see trends and patterns over time. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. An important consideration in overviews is the degree of overlap, or the use of the same primary study in multiple included SRs. The final SR on mental health services examined well-being interventions for children with a parent in the military [29]. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. Julia Levinson, Automated Records Management. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. S6 Appendix. Instead, the authors determined which of the 16 items on the checklist were critical for this overview and which of the items were non-critical. More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. In this overview, SRs with at least 50% of included studies fulfilling all criteria were included after extensive discussion between the authors and experts in the field. In 2000, WHO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank developed a partnership for Focusing Resources on Effective School Healtha FRESH Start approach [2]. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. Table A. 2. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Table 2 presents the remaining three of the four items of Ballard and Montgomerys checklist for overviews of reviews: (2) levels of confidence in results for each included SR, (3) publication year, and (4) match in scope to the overview. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. In order for policy makers and leaders in school health to make evidence-based recommendations on which services should be available in schools, who should deliver them, and how should they be delivered, more SRs must be done. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. Interventions with evidence for effectiveness addressed autism, depression, anxiety, obesity, dental caries, visual acuity, asthma, and sleep. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). This means they may be reviewed by teachers and other school ocials who have a legitimate educational interest in the information. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing. It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. Maintaining Student Records One of your essential duties as a teacher is to maintain student records. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. These reasons for exclusion applied to 183 and 126 SRs, respectively. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. If school health services are to truly improve the health of children and adolescents, they must comprehensively address the most pressing problems of this population. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. How often do assessment questions get updated?All three school health assessments are reviewed regularly by each organization and by national expert panels. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. A detailed search strategy was iteratively developed in consultation with a librarian experienced in SRs and an expert in school health services. school health services To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Table E. AMSTAR 2 checklist with designations of critical and non-critical. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. While this overview found significant gaps in the evidence for certain health areas, this does not necessarily mean that relevant high quality primary trials have not been conducted. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. This overview found 20 SRs covering 270 primary studies. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. Risk of bias across SRs was determined using Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for overviews of SRs [13]. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. Can schools complete more than one school health assessment simultaneously?Yes, but this should only be done if you have state or program requirements that require multiple assessments to be completed. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. Finally, creative therapy interventions seem to be effective for indicated populations of school-age children, such as children with autism spectrum disorder [23,33]. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. Using electronic health records (EHRs) to link school nurses and health care systems is usually limited in scope despite EHRs advancement in these health care systems. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH 2016-2017) estimated that over 22 million U.S. school-aged children are living with one or two or more health conditions, 11 million have special health care needs, and 7.5 million are not receiving needed care coordination (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2016-2017).With school-aged children spending an average of 180 . There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. Quality appraisal of primary studies. You may know to keep a file of those records. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. These SRs must assess routine, multi-component school health services and the characteristics that make them effective, with special attention to content, quality, intensity, method of delivery, and cost. 425 of these articles were ineligible. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC). Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39].

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