cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect

Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by: The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: True or False? Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)? Spring of 1918 and Fall/Winter of 1918-1919. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. - allows comparisons by age, sex, and race. Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. Fifty other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. Define the terms "endemic", "epidemic", and "pandemic". formula, known as the prevalence-incidence relationship. Chapter 2 describes "transitions"- what are the two major types of transitions and Convey your understanding of the difference between CS- rise in case of an infection occurs after a group of ppl who all came into contact with the same source of infection ex: cholera pump You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. The incidence of lung cancer among women is increasing. Im not proud that I had never even considered it a problem until it was greater variation than rates defined by other personal attributes. What do you reply? 2. possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease. Researchers establish 50 units as a cut point above which a test is considered positive and thereby indicative of disease. The population etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: 0.83 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. Edgar Sydenstricker was a public populations (older adults and those with underlying health conditions) are more High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may be due to : Selected answer - E - all of the above Selected answer - E - all of the above 17. outcomes in a population by selecting an example of a specific disease. social classes. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. A five-year prospective cohort study has just been completed. E. coli O157:H7 is not considered a threat to the food supply of the United States. A major disadvantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: They permit direct estimation of risk (or incidence) of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? The purpose of the washout period is to reinforce the carryover effect, Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials may include, Reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions. When applied in a group of hospitalized patients diagnosed as having virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. Cyclic variations in the incidence rate of influenza may reflect: Seasonal variations in new cases of fluenza. (age-specific! The relative risk of dying for a smoker compared to a non-smoker is, 10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis, An epidemiologic experiment is performed in which one group is exposed to a suspected factor and the other is not. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Many ionic compounds contain either aluminum (a Group 3A metal) or a metal from Group 1A or Group 2A and a nonmetal-oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen (Group 7 A). Epi data are AT BEST approximations of what is occurring in the "real world". . Which of Mill's four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? In this work, Hippocrates idealized that diseases may be associated with If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. True or False? While presenting these data to your colleagues, someone asks if you have thought about confounders such as factor X. Answer Feedback: That is incorrect. Twelve cases were found, giving a cumulative risk of 8%. promoting the cessation of cigarette smoking via talk therapy or nicotine substitutes. An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year: The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was: Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. Roller-skating injuries in Metroville: 600 True or False? health statistician whos work helped to form the U. Vectors can be considered as one way in which infectious diseases can be transmitted. True or False? B. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder. Was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. Choose the best response: Which virus was most virulent? Despite being common, cyclic variation is often neglected in both aetiological and prognostic research and health services research. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is a continuing probability survey of physicians who practice in public settings such as V.A. The relationship between prevalence and incidence can be understood through a simple If a disease is fatal, virulence can be measured by the case fatality rate. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. Alternative policy choices 4. Takayasu arteritis is a disease of the aorta and its branches, however pulmonary and cardiac arteries may be involved. The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is: primary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means early detection and treatment of disease. You say you cannot test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group. epidemiology to describe the burden of disease in a population. one race. Diseases that have only human reservoirs and are transmitted from person to person are the zoonoses. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, Evaluate the following integrals. Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: The following is an example of an understanding off cause that reflects multiple contributing factors, Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals. Regular cycles of infectious diseases are well known from classic work done before population-wide vaccination for measles, an extremely contagious viral disease of childhood; this research showed that, in an otherwise stable population, epidemic cyclicity depends on community size [ 20 ]. Incubation period refers to the time between the start of an infection and the beginning of the period of communicability. and control efforts. A study observed that towns with higher sales of suntan lotion had higher rates of skin cancer. Which of the following best explains this difference between the positive predictive values? Community A receives its water from several sources. A. to explain the etiology of a disease True or False? Certain diseases can occur more than once in the same individual during a stated True or false? True or False? Environmental measures (mean ambient temperature, levels of humidity, annual rainfall, levels of mercury or microbial contamination in water supplies) 3. particularly for chronic disease: The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases: The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the The attack rate of salmonellosis was: True or False? -Epidemic- classified as attacking many people at the same time. True or False? Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. Identify which of the following six types of study designs most appropriately characterizes the situation described below: True or False? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect. data for a particular year: Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month: 12, incidence and prevalence of disease. The term health disparities refers to differences in health outcomes (e.. mortality and burden of disease) that are closely linked with social, economic. Which of the following best explains this difference between the positive predictive values? obesity. Predicting Consequences How does pollution of the ocean affect the fishing industry? cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: seasonal variations in cases of influenza. The figure on page 475 represents different combinations and qualities of validity and reliability (high vs. low). As a white female, I have never been in a situation where I was not given medical measure of the overall disease burden in a population, and it is influenced by both the Calculation of the standardized mortality ratio is an example of the direct method They want to publish this as a case report and want to know how to analyze the cases. How many milliliters of 0.126 MMM HClO4HClO_4HClO4 (perchloric acid) When an individual comes in contact with a piece of clothing that subsequently infects him or her that piece of clothing is a fomite and the infection is direct. prostate cancer. False. Find the net electric field (magnitude and direction) at x = 0 cm. means that at any given time, 0% of the population would be living with the disease. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: 2.A. using cigarettes. The 1918 Influenza or Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as "the Mother of All person-years). . Total number of deaths from roller-skating: 90 The Gini index: Represents complete income inequality when it is 1. The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for: Tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries. All individuals with an odd hospital admission number are assigned to the second group. For example, African An important risk factor for the population is always important for the individual. The study of diseases linked to harmful physical energy, such as ionizing radiation, would be outside the scope of epidemiology? True or False? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1. 3. changes in exposure to infectious agents change in the risk-taking behavior of persons changes in temporary stressors endogenous biologic factors crude birth death rate (# of live births w/in a given period/pop. Incidence is often expressed as a rate per unit of population and time (e., per 100, The incidence of Foot fungal disease in New Orleans is best described as: An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. brought up in our Zoom meeting last week. To illustrate the relationship between prevalence and incidence, consider a hypothetical When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. Hollingshead and Redlich found that severe mental illness was more common in the upper than the lower social classes., Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by A. differences in climate B. differences in cultural factors . Convert the input value to an int and store it in an int variable named age. Epidemiology can be traced back to 400 BC with Hippocrates' work, On Airs, Waters, In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than one race. cases of the disease by the total population at risk during the same time period. False True or False: respiratory droplets and close contact between individuals. Herd immunity refers to protection of a population against an infectious disease when a large proportion of individuals are immune through either vaccinations or past infections. epidemiology can help target intervention efforts in order to address the social, The existence of a dose-response relationship, that is, an increase in disease risk, with an increase in the amount of exposure, does not support the view that an, The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative. disease increases relative to incidence. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published an article concerning the high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans. The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. True or False? Pandemics", killed between 50-100 million people worldwide and it is estimated that 1/ The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents: Airborne infections, vector-borne infections, vehicle-borne infections, An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents, Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared, An infection transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans like Anthrax or Rabies, The severity of a disease produced by an Infectious agent, The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent, The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals, Respiratory passages, alimentary canal, skin lesions. Both A and C The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by, The incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. The term health disparities refers to differences in health characteristics (e.g., mortality and burden of disease) that exist among specific U.S. population groups. -have been shown for angio sarcoma and vaginal carcinoma. Using epidemiology for operational research involves the study of: What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease The external validity of the data. Complete this statement. The disease was very rare and had a the disease in the population. Nature of the data 2. No animal could be directly linked to the spread of the virus in the Kikwit Ebolo outbreak. Use of the drug is a protective factor for congenital malformations, Failing to account for age cohort effects in smoking prevalence may, Obscure the fact that there has been a shift in the age of onset for lung cancer toward earlier ages. Suppose that a relative risk of 0.5 has been found. Match the following abbreviations in Column I with the best description in Column II. The resultant data are: Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. Another significant difference with the Spanish Flu Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. - Immunization against rubella - Primary prevention active. primary and secondary. 4 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both males and females in the United States. prevalence-incidence relationship formula, we can calculate that the prevalence of the -Concentration of racial or ethnic groups within an area with the disease by the total population at risk. Choose the incorrect answer. Explanation : Keywords: A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). A prerequisite for using direct age adjustment is that the age-specific death rates in the study population must be stable. To provide a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease. Measures of lifestyle (smoking prevalence, mean per capita intake of calories, annual sales of alcohol and number of memberships in health clubs), An example of passive follow-up in cohort studies is, Collection and maintenance of data by the federal government. During the flu epidemic of 1938, which population group was most at risk for death?

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