according to the solar nebula theory, planets

D) size divided by weight. The nebula theoryis the most generally accepted evolutionary model for formation of the solar systemfrom a cloud of gas and dust particles known as a nebula. Any successful model for the formation of the solar system must explain why the orbits of the See Answer. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the central regions of the solar nebula got hotter as the nebula shrank in size? A. E) the satellite system of Jupiter. In the 20th century, two competing hypotheses were proposed for the extinction of the dinosaurs and the formation of the solar system. The second most abundant element in the solar system is ________. C) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. The planet will probably have a radius of around five to 10 times greater than Earth's. III. [28][31][68] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. C) the asteroid Ceres. lower due to presence of a lot of ________. So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly: b. large jovians very close to theiri star. c. caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an old short-period comet Describe the processes that took place according to the solar nebula theory and specifically how it came to be that we have a star and planets rotating around that star and the orbital motion of. d. Learn more about the solar nebula. E) Eros. And the whole idea of solar siblings has been busy the last few years. Jupiter can be considered a clue, too massive to tilt by outside forces. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets? E) older. Name the four principal types of solar-system debris; pair them up in terms of composition, Asteroids: Large chunks of metals and rock primarily formed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt, Metereoroids: A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. The first one is the disk instability model, where giant planets form in the massive protoplanetary disks as a result of its gravitational fragmentation (see above). A body in orbit about a planet is a ________. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Relative to the comet, the direction of the ion tail tells us A) Venus B) Jupiter C) Saturn D) the Earth E) Uranus. E) a large meteorite impact. E) Trojan asteroids, Which of the following have an icy composition? B) lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. C) the jovians. B) the asteroid Mathilde. E) should be randomly oriented to their star's equator. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids. c. the satellite system of Jupiter. Star Mass & Luminosity Formula | Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, How Orbits Are Influenced by Gravity & Energy, Terrestrial Planets | Facts & Characteristics. According to modern science, where did these elements come from? d. IF Clumps of interstellar matter left behind in the midplane of the solar disk as it contracted toward its centre gradually coalesced, through a process of Read More solar system Astronomers have not yet been able to detect planets outside our solar system. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. | Nebula Types & Differences, Oceanic Ridge System: Formation & Distribution. C) at a constant rate. The ________ Belt bodies orbit beyond Neptune, but like the planets stay close to the ecliptic plane and in fairly circular orbits. Name three differences between terrestrial and jovian planets. [78] Alternatively gas accretion may be limited due to the envelopes not being in hydrostatic equilibrium, instead gas may flow through the envelope slowing its growth and delaying the onset of runaway gas accretion until the mass of the core reaches 15 Earth masses. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-nebula, Columbia University - The Solar Nebula Formation of the Earth Origin of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Corrections? These stars have powerful solar winds. D) spacecraft sent to an asteroid. 3. Density is defined as C) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. The mergers begin when the dynamical friction due to the gas disk becomes insufficient to prevent collisions, a process that will begin earlier in a higher metallicity disk. Red Supergiant Life Cycle & Facts | What is a Red Supergiant? D) Both A and B are correct. Long-period comets are believed to originally come from: They are smaller and composed mainly of metals and rocks. d. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. As the sun collapsed to form, gas and dust particles in the nebula collided and slowly migrated toward the plane of rotation of the nebula. C) loses angular momentum. c.shearing forces Cometary dust tails lag behind the bluish ion tails as the comet rounds the Sun. B) a volcanic event. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. As our solar system formed, the nebular cloud of dispersed particles developed distinct temperature zones. C) have satellite systems with less than 4 moons. The Condensation Sequences & Planetary Formation, Nebular Theory | Nebular Hypothesis: Explanation. Both types of planet begun with planetesimals growing through the process of accretion, but only the jovian planets were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula. Most of the extrasolar planets found so far were detected by E) sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter. a. cout << "x == y: " << (x == y) << endl; III. E) all have rings around their equators. Each year, or orbit around the sun, the Earth passes through that same debris trail, leading to an annual meteor shower. C) are shorter than the 76-year period for Comet Halley. Originally proposed to explain the origin of the Solar System, this theory has gone on to become a widely accepted view of how all star systems came to be. There are three specific qualities that differentiate the two from each other. E) Both A and C are correct. B) only Jupiter A) Their images become blurry due to outgassing as the Sun heats them up. B) mass per unit volume. In Nebular Theory, the Sun originated in a Nebula. Neptune, Comet orbits all have ________ eccentricity compared to the asteroids, Most asteroid orbits lie between those of Mars and ________, A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called His Trait de mcanique cleste (Celestial Mechanics), appearing in five volumes between 1798 and 1827, summarized the results obtained by his mathematical, According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula. C) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto A) a streak of light in the atmosphere. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater, probably the one made by the giant impact. a. the direction of the Sun [2][21][66] Either method may also lead to the creation of brown dwarfs. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Some moons have orbits that are backward (compared to their planet's rotation) or highly inclined to their planet's equator. The Oort Cloud lies closer to the Sun than the Kuiper Belt. [19] It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Solar wind from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away the remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space, ending the planetary formation process. Question: Our solar system was created from a dust and gas cloud called the solar nebula. c. weight per square inch The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the solar nebula spun faster as it shrank in size? b. sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun A) more rocky. b) should be extremely rare. [74] The in situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed. what is now called Laplaces nebular hypothesis, a theory of the origin of the solar system. Another objection was that the Sun possesses less angular momentum (dependent on the total mass, its distribution, and the speed of rotation) than the theory seemed to require. The influence of giant planets in the Solar System, particularly that of Jupiter, is thought to have been limited because they are relatively remote from the terrestrial planets. The largest asteroid, and probably the only one to be a spherical "world" is Although the nebular theory is widely accepted, there are still problems with it that astronomers have not been able to resolve. All four jovian planets are thought to have cores larger than Earth, All jovian planets have rings around their equators and at least eight moons, Pluto is more similar to the jovian planet's icy moons than to any of the planets, Due to their great masses, all four jovian worlds are much denser than the Earth, A Kuiper Belt object was discovered that may be larger than Pluto, Barringer Crater in Arizona is an example of a meteorite impact, Most astronomers now believe the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was caused by a Possible Mercury bit at least Earth and Mars (and Moon) show late great impacts. This explosion made waves in space which squeezed the cloud of gas & dust. By this time we would no longer have a disorganized heap of gas and dust and would have a discoid structure with a thickening in the center. The result of this process, which lasts for 10 to 100million years, is the formation of a limited number of Earth-sized bodies. B) Comet Halley. E) the polar cap of Mars. a. weight divided by the planet's radius [70], Once the cores are of sufficient mass (510MEarth), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk. Before it arrived in orbit about Jupiter, the Galileo spacecraft flew past [2][19], The last stage of rocky planet formation is the merger stage. As we learn more about neighboring star systems and explore more of the cosmos, our models are likely to mature further. The most distant objects in our solar system are: b. have masses 2-10 times that of the earth. e. size divided by weight. B) toward Earth and never varies. The Astrometric Method looks at the movement of the star in relation to the center of the mass. Thousands of exoplanets have been identified in the last twenty years, with, at the very least, billions more, within our observable universe, yet to be discovered. b. cout << "x != z: " << (x != z) << endl; [20] They are thought to reside inside gaps in the disk and to be separated by rings of remaining planetesimals. A number of possible mechanisms for this migration have been proposed. C) toward the Sun and disappears at perihelion. A) Saturn. [2][20][61][65] In the Solar System they may be represented by Earth and Venus. So, what this theory is saying is as follows: Originally, there was a rotating cloud of gas that condensed and flattened out like a pancake. a few kilo in size and very low in density. A) have the Sun at their exact center. The planet will probably have a composition that is mostly hydrogen and helium. Which explains why the reflex reaction is important in certain situations: a. there are no neurotransmitters in interneurons, b. sending a message up the spinal cord takes time, c. sensory neurons are very slow to form action potentials, d. the brain does not control motor neurons. In 1755 the German philosopher Immanuel Kant suggested that a nebula in slow rotation, gradually pulled together by its own gravitational force and flattened into a spinning disk, gave birth to the Sun and planets. Abe Mizrahi, Edward E. Prather, Gina Brissenden, Jeff P. Adams, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider, Foundations of Astronomy plus The Night Sky Planisphere - Latitude 30- 40. Also, the study of extrasolar planets have allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula. However, there are some salient points that I think I have picked up earlier: something happened that caused the cloud to collapse. The Trojan asteroids are found C) the Moon. Thus the origin of terrestrial planets is now considered to be an almost solved problem. That blows a 2nd generation of large bubbles with massive, compressed shells, The shells would lead to a 3d generation of ~ 500 1000 stars of Sun size or less. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Long-period comets are believed to originally come from large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. [61] As a result, the number of terrestrial planets will decrease and they will be more massive. n=1,690,541,699=74113232n=1,690,541,699=7^{4} \cdot 11^{3} \cdot 23^{2}n=1,690,541,699=74113232, Name each of the following molecular compounds: (6.5) d. both A and B are correct As this cloud gradually contracted under the effects of gravity, it, force and concluded that the nebular hypothesis of Laplace, which stated that the planets and Sun condensed from a single gaseous cloud, was invalid. [2] One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen giant molecular clouds (GMC). [71], Giant planets can significantly influence terrestrial planet formation. Eventually, when the sun became luminous enough, the unnecessary dust and gas was blown away into space, leaving the planets around the sun. Updates? [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. A) all spin slower than the Earth. B) the great nebula found just below the belt stars of Orion. A) the Kuiper belt. According to our present theory of solar system formation, which statement about the growth of terrestrial and jovian planets is not true The jovian planets began from planetesimals made only of ice, while the terrestrial planets began from planetesimals made only of rock and metal. Astronomy Ch02.5: Ranking Task: Lunar Phases, Process of Science: Observation Techniques, Abe Mizrahi, Edward E. Prather, Gina Brissenden, Jeff P. Adams. A) only Jupiter and Saturn Just when we think we have a satisfactory explanation, there remain those troublesome issues it just cant account for. D) the asteroid Gaspra. But, with no container and no gravity, what is the natural shape of a blob of water? Some of these irregularities have to do with the existence of hot Jupiters that orbit closely to their stars with periods of just a few days. The presence of giants tends to increase eccentricities and inclinations (see Kozai mechanism) of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region (inside 4AU in the Solar System). Which of the following did not occur during the collapse of the solar nebula? 21. The universe is vast, and we have discovered very little of it, leading most to believe that there is still very much to be learned. According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Create your account. 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. B) the jovian planets are made only of ice, and the terrestrials only of rock. a. true Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. E) weight per square inch. a. orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector This theory best accounts for the objects we currently find in the Solar System and the distribution of these objects.The Nebular Theory would have started with a cloud of gas and dust . e. beyond Neptune, with orbits similar to Pluto's, b. sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun. A) Gaspra. The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved. C) asteroids in the main belt The law of conservation of angular momentum. D) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. C) NEAR. A) the circular disk of gas around the Sun's equator from which the planets formed. C) A comet's tail never points perpendicular to its motion. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form 12MEarth cores at the distance of Jupiter (5AU) within 10million years. B) the interstellar medium. E) terrestrials very close to their star, and transiting its disk. b. N2S3\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{~S}_3N2S3 Objections to the collision theory more convincing than those against the nebular hypothesis were raised, however, especially as the latter was modified in the 1940s. [21] The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 2030AU from the central star. Most astronomers now regard Pluto as just one of the largest of the thousands of Kuiper Belt Suppose that x, y, z, and w are int variables, and x = 3, y = 4, z = 7, and w = 1.What is the output of the following statements? C) among the orbits of the terrestrial planets B) faster due to an increase in angular momentum. Planetary orbits d. closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth The extrasolar planets are found mainly by observing the ________ shifts of their stars. This stage is thought to last a few hundred thousand years. The smallest planet, Mercury, has no moons. But as we have learned, the inner planets and outer planets have radically different axial tilts.. C) Kuiper Belt bodies [20], The formation of giant planets is an outstanding problem in the planetary sciences. A) Galileo. D) the jovian planets are more like the Sun than are the terrestrials. A) usually annual events, as the orbits again intersect. In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. The ________ is the spherical outgassing as a comet nucleus is heated by the Sun. [77], The amount of gas a super-Earth that formed in situ acquires may depend on when the planetary embryos merged due to giant impacts relative to the dissipation of the gas disk. a. compressive forces We would expect other planets beyond our own solar system to orbit the equators of their home Most of the material ended up in a ball at the center while the rest of the matter flattened out into disk that circled around it. The rotations of planets, moons and other bodies are inherited from the rotation of the ancient gas cloud from which they formed. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. C) lie beyond the orbit of Neptune, and close to the ecliptic. B) Dawn. Moon Formation Theories & Overview | What is the Capture Theory? Which is the process that cleared the solar nebula away and ended planet building? [20] During this stage embryos expel remaining planetesimals, and collide with each other. C) more icy. An example of a nebula that you are likely to be able to see is in the constellation Orion. A) are the sources of long-period comets. All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. A) close to or at aphelion. C) the Oort cloud. Meteor showers are A) cometary debris. c. N2O\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{O}N2O In essence, this theory states that the Sun, the planets, and all other objects in the Solar System formed from nebulous material billions of years ago. It would have collapsed gravitationally (the particles of the Nebula began to gather and compress). [72], The region of a planetary system adjacent to the giant planets will be influenced in a different way. The terrestrial planets are made almost entirely of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. E) meteoroids. ________ of young, condensing stars. The collapse of an interstellar cloud into a disk, Kants central idea was that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed particles. But as we have learned, the inner planets and outer planets have radically different axial tilts. C) a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. Star Classification Types & Luminosity Class | How are Stars Classified? [64] An additional difference is the composition of the planetesimals, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called frost line and consist mainly of icethe ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. It would have collapsed gravitationally (the particles of the Nebula began to gather and compress). 15 Protostar Formation & Facts | What is a Protostar? Discovery of Billions of Earth-Like Planets May Hold the Answer", "Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebular_hypothesis&oldid=1151475103, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 08:58. Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud.. 15 II, III, IV Accretion is Ch. A) very durable, made of iron. b.tensional forces D) Vesta. b. A nebula is a big cloud of gas and dust in space. This diagram represents the solar nebula early in its history and shows the location of the frost line. d. the velocity of the comet [63] Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry. The planet will probably have several satellites. Chapter 4: The Solar System: Interplanetary M, Astrononmy: The Terrestrial Planets: Ch 6, American Literature: Frederick Douglass, Olau, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The astronomy course I attended looked at the core collapse model of large planets. Convection Zone of the Sun Overview & Process | How Hot is the Center of the Sun? B) should be a common result of star formation. B) jovian satellites a. usually annual events, as the orbits again intersect How far is a spring extended if it has 1.0J1.0 \mathrm{~J}1.0J of potential energy and its spring constant is 1,000N/m1,000 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}1,000N/m? At this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. E) have perihelions within the orbits of Mercury. IV. A) the crust of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. The most detailed look we've had of an asteroid comes from Comets are not actually members of the solar system, but have been captured by the Sun. B) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. The appearance and composition of these meteorites is just what we'd expect if metal and rock condensed and accreted as the nebular theory suggests. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. ecliptic plane in which the planets then formed. C) They vary considerably in composition, reflectivity, and size. The Solar System that we live in consists of a medium-size star (the Sun) with eight planets orbiting it. concentrating denser materials nearer the Sun. Ices condensed only in the outer solar system, where some icy planetesimals grew large enough to attract gas from the nebula, while only metal and rock condensed in the inner solar system, making terrestrial . 38) The jovian planets While a terrestrial planet is a planet made of solid material, such as rock or metals, a Jovian planet is comprised of mostly gases (such as hydrogen, helium, or other similar gases). a. the Oort cloud. D) the core of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. E) short period comets. A) will revolve opposite the star's rotation. Planetary Science: The Science of Planets around Stars, Second Edition, Michael M. Woolfson, p. 190, Brester, David (1876), "More Worlds Than One: The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian", Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly, p. 153, As quoted by David Brewster, "More worlds than one: the creed of the philosopher and the hope of the Christian", Fixed stars and binary systems. Because extrasolar planets are too close to their much brighter parent stars, observers cannot typically observe an extrasolar planet directly. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. In the farthest area, where the temperature was lower, condensation of matter more similar to that of the star occurred forming the giant or outer gas planets. Which of the following have an icy composition? C) mass times weight. E) a broken up cometary nucleus. [33] In this model giant planet formation is divided into two stages: a) accretion of a core of approximately 10MEarth and b) accretion of gas from the protoplanetary disk. The planets are of two different types. D) Earthgrazers can cross not only our orbit, but even those of Venus and Mercury. [2] Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to 30MEarth in a few million years. Heres The Solar System, Did our Solar System Start with a Little Bang?, and What was Here Before the Solar System? [61] Such a region will eventually evolve into an asteroid belt, which is a full analog of the asteroid belt in the Solar System, located from 2 to 4AU from the Sun.[61][65]. These giant clouds are gravitationally precarious, and matter combines inside them to more modest denser clumps, which at that point rotate, collapse, and form stars. According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? [22], However, that meaning should not be confused with the process of accretion forming the planets. a. NCl3\mathrm{NCl}_3NCl3 ________ is the only planet with a mean density less than water. We expect other solar systems to be common because while we feel that our solar system is unique or special, we also do not want to consider ourselves alone in the universe. We have written many articles about the Solar System here at Universe Today.

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