stramenopiles are unique in that they possess

D. The macronuclei fuse with the micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an identical fused nucleus. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. the choanoflagellates tsetse flies C. sand fleas D. ticks E. drinking D. tetanus protistC. responses to changing environments. The dinoflagellate Pfisteria is an important protist. The major stramenopiles groups include Diatoms: They are unicellular protists that encase themselves in glassy cell walls with intricate patterns. B. eutrophic pathogen. They are geologically useful as index fossils, with about 50,000 named species (about 10,000 species still extant). cycle C. a gametic life cycle D. a zygotic life In return, the plant provides Rhizobium with food produced by photosynthesis. [16], Over time, the scope of application has changed, especially when in the 1970s ultrastructural studies revealed greater diversity among the algae with chromoplasts (chlorophylls a and c) than had previously been recognized. C. predator Stramenopiles are category of organisms made up of cells with a particular form of chlorophyll. A. C. to prevent desiccation. B. to insure survival in the uterus. E. They protect against viruses. photoautotrophs How do stramenopiles reproduce? C. acting as a flotation device E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. hairy flagella David. This group includes marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms that may be flagellated or amoeboid. It helped provide a date for the emergence of vertebrates. [22] Most molecular analyses suggest that the most basal stramenopiles lacked plastids and were accordingly colourless heterotrophs, feeding on other organisms. Fritsch 1935, The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl et al. B. gametocyte General features of the Blastocystisgenome. B. quaternary endosymbiosis A few months later, it is buried by sediment in a massive landslide, but by this time, bacteria have fully decomposed its soft tissues. E. cyclic land drift. How many species of stramenopiles are there? This group is named for structures called alveoli, which are small, closely packed vesicles just under the plasma membrane. If used narrowly, a chloroplast is a plastid which contains chlorophyll B, as in. B. B. The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles. Kelp (a brown seaweed) As a relic of secondary endosymbiosis, stramenopiles possess unusually complex organelle membranes. These pigments absorb the quality of light prevalent in their C. A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. dinoflagellates by small hooks. nausea E. alternating chills and fever, The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the: Also, in the vegetative state they have diploid nuclei, whereas fungi have haploid nuclei. transduction B. chloroplast, lysosomes, nucleus, endosymbiotic The term 'Heterokont' has lost its usefulness in critical discussions about the identity, nature, character and relatedness of the group. D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as bicosoecids, labyrinthulids, and oomycete fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. The majority of these organisms are marine. Rhizaria zygote C. Their negative effects would be increased because it will cause them to produce mucilage, allowing them to stick to teeth. B. -Decomposers are autotrophic D. They are less resistant to antibiotics than Gram-negative bacteria. This means: red algae. -They are neither heterotrophic nor autotrophic, they are decomposers. against predators? They play an important role in nutrient cycling. E. They have flagella. A. mutualist B. are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms pseudopodia, Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? C. Hydrogen sulfide (HSO) flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. Flagella occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. Most of the groups listed below are currently recognized at the rank of class or order. We have analyzed the distribution and. animals and fungi Stramenopiles (also called heterokonts) are an extremely diverse group of parasites, heterotrophs, and algae that are found in similarly diverse habitats. Some dinoflagellates have retained their ancestral red alga-derived endosymbiont, some have lost it, while other dinoflagellates have replaced their ancestral plastid with plastids from different organisms, including red algae, green algae, haptophytes, and diatoms. bacteria and plants Red algae, green algae, and plants are so closely related that they The macronucleus divides into four micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. E. Spudsik emeraldensis. disk-shaped mitochondrial cristae B. kinetoplasts C. E. attaching to the substrate, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: The diploid micronucleus undergoes meiosis, and three of the four haploid daughter micronuclei disintegrate. B. malaria Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either - Volvox aureus stored in the tissues. D. dengue fever D. mitochondrial genomes. meiosis to produce eight micronuclei, of which seven disintegrate, (3) A. T or F, Check all of the following that are TRUE.Which stages of a sporic life cycle are haploid? They may arise from asexual reproduction. enhance their photosynthetic ability. micronuclei fuse by pairs into four diploid micronuclei. they are to some other kinds of organisms, Which of the following types of organisms are NOT considered to be D. methanogen A. the movement of small organic molecules across the cell membrane Which of the following statements is NOT true of protistan cysts? A. phagotrophic B. eutrophic In 2004, Jun-Yuan Chen and David Bottjer found a fossil approximately 580-600 million years old. D. Yes, because it would have fossilized before it was buried. -It caused algae to produce cell walls. C. depolarization of land masses. - Gonium pectorale -the presence of a feeding groove warming. Which type of organisms are placed under the kingdom Protista? E. lockjaw. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. A. phyla A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. -are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms D. heterotrophs found in marine environments. B. micronucleosis Stramenopiles may be heterotrophic or photoautotrophs. C. The eukaryotic flagellum is covered by the plasma membrane whereas that of the prokaryotes is not. How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? Trudy Zoologischkei Institut Akademiya Nayuk, SSSR 94:122132. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe how the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? organisms C. that all protists are not more closely related to B. decay product C. directing currents away from the flagellum E. Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. pathogens from one host to another. From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction? the overlapping halves of their siliceous shells, D. because their two halves fit like the lid and body of a pillbox D. Oxygen (O) C. They are photoautotrophs. B. a common thick-shelled crustacean. D. They have filose pseudopodia. This species produces gas vesicles in order to maximize its access to oxygen at the lake's surface. D. autotrophic Krylov, M. V.; Dobrovolskii, A. B. Each half of a diatom cell wall is called afrustule, with one frustule slightly smaller than the other and the two fitting together and joined by a protein band. A. pathogen A. Aerobic cellular respiration. They possess tubulocristate mitochondria and a unique, highly complex multi-layered cytoskeleton composed of layers of microtubuli and microfilaments [9,17]. identical macronucleus. E. anthracite. B. aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. C. Proteobacteria D. Endospores cannot resist stressful conditions whereas akinetes can. Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. The T or F, Slime molds are in the supergroup Forams may be planktonic (floaters) or benthic (moving or burrowing on the sea bottom). (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. B. Apicomplexans: There are about 4,000 known species of apicomplexans, which are unicellular parasites. brown algae E. actinobacteria. Alveolate. D. panmixis This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. What do stramenopiles do? E. mutualist. There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial cells per milliliter. E. exchange of genes between two cells, Bioremediation is: pseudopodia B. possession of hard shells C. tertiary [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. E. dinoflagellates, The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four B. This contextual clarification is rare, such that when the taxon name is used, it is unclear how it should be understood. E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. Given what you know about cyanobacteria, which of the following is the more similar species? Stromatolites are pathogens, JoAnn Burkholder and colleagues performed an experiment to determine whether or not two strains of Pfisteria shumwayae (CCMP 1024C and CCMP 2089) were toxic to mammalian cells. 5 oomycetes include some significant plant pathogens such as the cause of potato blight, Phytophthora infestans. B. ester linkages protists are of the same lineage B. that all protists are more [a] The most significant autotrophic stramenopiles are the brown algae (wracks and many other seaweeds), and the diatoms. B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. micronuclei go to the other. C. yellow fever The most famous example isPhytophthora infestans,the cause of potato blight. If this chemical is incorporated into a mouthwash, how would it affect the community of bacteria that cause dental plaque? Yes, because its skeleton could have been replaced by minerals to form a fossil. The process of photosynthesis increased the amount of what gas in the atmosphere? red algae D. They release nutrients that other organisms can use. A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic Your email address will not be published. Foraminifera Metaboly is a reduced level of metabolism that allows protists to B. filtering bacterial food from the water E. Participate in beach cleanup efforts, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: Some of the multicellular brown algae may be massive, forming marine kelp forests. -into the water table, What do yellow slime molds feed on? decomposers Metabolically they include chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and mixotrophs. mitotically and one of the daughter nuclei passes to an individual of [28] Alginic acid is commercially useful in food products and textiles and large amounts of kelp is harvested every year for this purpose. mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an Radiolarians trap food using spikey filose pseudopodia that are reinforced by microtubules. C. fatty acid chains C. Encourage sustainable fishing C. an herbaceous plant that is only found at very high altitudes. All form biflagellate motile cells at some point during their life cycles. D. It allows developing drugs that target metabolic pathways unique Ciliates have two nuclei that differ in morphology. B. Second, when Chromalveolata was originally proposed, it was united based on the hypothesis that the members of the group were descended from a single biflagellate organism that engulfed a red alga via secondary endosymbiosis. D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. A. protection against a host's immune system E. Alveolata, Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? They may E. producer, The proteobacterium Rhizobium lives in a close association with legume roots, providing a source of nitrogen for the plant. Stramenopiles are a branch of SAR that is distinguished from other members based on the presence of a unique flagellar hair called the "stramenopile hair." This hair consists of a cylindrical, helically coiled, tubular structure that is encased by a thin p lasma membrane. liver E. spleen, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a: A. Rhizaria dinoflagellates with plastids, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: A. double A. thylakoids D. storing waste materials of the cell The mushrooms illustrated at the end of the video exhibit what kind of life style? [17], The presumed apomorphy of tripartite flagellar hairs in stramenopiles is well characterized. decomposers Haptophyte and dinoflagellate plastids, in turn, form a sister group to the stramenopiles, suggesting that they were derived from a single common ancestor. Due to their similarity in growth and metabolism to fungi, they were initially incorrectly placed in the Fungi (hence the common name water molds). C. The zygote undergoes meiosis and produces many heat-resistant spores that increase the population size and aid in dispersal. Ciliates also have a unique method of sexual reproduction, calledconjugation. mixotrophs E. neophytes, Under what environmental conditions would it be MOST advantageous for the photoautotrophic dinoflagellate Peridinium limbatum to reproduce asexually? C. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled, Gonium pectorale is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. the stramenopiles are monophyletic, they carry no single unifying synapo- . Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. A. the choanoflagellates D. Rhizaria E. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates and an increase in animal body sizes. There is an alternation of generations. Cells are stained purple. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell D. half-decay parasites D. Stramenopila -A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. What is the difference between plants and Archaeplastida? Which of the following is NOT a function of mucilage in bacteria? C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms C. heterotroph B. Opisthokonta B. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. The secretory systems of Type III and Type IV pathogenic bacteria differ in their mode of attacking cells in what way? A. oxygen C. It will be able to secrete mucilage and aggregate as part of a biofilm. A.bacteria B. algae C. Why was this particular fossil significant? B. Rhizaria They are not photosynthetic, but have a structure called the apicoplast, which is the remnant of the original red algae-derived endosymbiont. Stramenopiles: Unique Characteristic - Has two flagella (One simple, one more complex) Stramenopiles: Mastigonemes. one. 2015 & Silar 2016. Decrease the amount of artificial light in coastal areas What is the phylum Euglenozoa? They have thread-like (filose) pseudopodia or a cytoplasmic web that they use for trapping organic matter or prey. A. it allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the pathogen protists are in the same phylum, C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than of protist cells to a substrate E. the capture of food particles C. It has hydrogenosomes. E. flagellates, Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton? A. cell division by meiosis Haptophyta Coccolithophores E. useful dating range. C. an endosymbiotic relationship between two bacterium. T or F, Sushi wrappers called nori are a type of red algae. Diatoms are major contributors to global carbon cycles because they are the most important autotrophs in most marine habitats. Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. D. It has E. They have a gram molecular weight of more than 1.0 whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a gram molecular weight of less than 1.0. Their evolutionary relationships remain an area of active research. E. a symbiotic relationship between two archaeons. choanoflagellates dinoflagellates skin thereby increasing exposure to the pathogen. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. D. a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. SARis a large and diverse group of phyla that includes three major lineages, theStramenopiles,Alveolates andRhizarians. D. decomposer phagotrophs Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce mucilage and stick to teeth. diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. macronuclei fuse to form a diploid one and the eight haploid Bacillariophyta(diatoms):This is a large and ubiquitous group of photoautotrophic stramenopiles that is found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. D. They are methanogens. Which of the following statements is NOT true of any Foraminifera? 16 separate, each with two nuclei, one of its own and one from its nutrients that other organisms can use. Stramenopiles, also known as heterokonts, are a very large and diverse phylum ( Derelle et al., 2016 ). Her salivary glands are not swollen. Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. D. They protect against other bacteria. B. kingdoms arise from sexual reproduction. -the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light as an energy source Themicronucleus(there may be one or more) contains the diploid genome, which is not actively transcribed. A. They have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than do Gram-negative bacteria. No, because it needed to be fully intact when buried to form a fossil. Rhizaria B. facilitating acquisition of mineral nutrients There is approximately one coliform bacterial cell per milliliter. The alveolates, protists characterized by the presence of sacs of fluid under the cell membrane called alveoli, are one such group. true mitochondria. Stramenopila E. Alveolata, Slime molds are in the supergroup: A. Opisthokonta B. How many species of stramenopiles are there? While some lack cell walls, others have scales. T or F, Heterotrophic protists that feed by ingesting particles are referred to as: each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides D. to permit the embryo to develop undisturbed up to the time of hatching. For each of the following balanced reactions, calculate how many moles of product would be produced by complete conversion of 0.15mol0.15 \mathrm{~mol}0.15mol of the reactant indicated in boldface. 2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)2\text{Mg}(s) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}(s)2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s). A. macronucleosis C. families [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. B. Spirochaetes A. Akinetes are whole cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells. progressively smaller, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as: A. The early Earth reducing atmosphere is thought to have lacked which of the following gases? It increases genetic diversity for a species. An unfortunate deer becomes stuck in quicksand at the edge of a lake and dies. -They are parasitic heterotrophs. A. Opisthokonta D. It is a major the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of These pigments absorb the conditions. E. white, In the Gulf of Mexico, red tides caused by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis cause massive fish kills as well as respiratory problems in humans. They are widely used in the study of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. A. ancient bacteria Which These glassy cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide. D. a rare, desert-dwelling lizard. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other C. proteobacteria C. Their consumption can lead to B. the use of microorganisms to break down harmful substances in the environment -the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition From a 100 mL sample, you use a 0.5 mL subsample to inoculate a plastic dish filled with a semisolid nutrient medium that fosters growth of coliform bacteria. [23][24], Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems; others are parasitic. The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the The amniotic egg evolved as an adaptation What is the likely reaction of such a Pseudomonas cell to the presence of a food particle? Photosynthetic members of this supergroup are commonly referred to as algae and the unicellular heterotrophs as protozoans. -become part of the soil purple E. white, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup: A. Resists penicillin and requires other antibiotics, change of position in the environment, structures that allow cells to move to favorable conditions, threadlike structures on surface of cell, twitch or glide across surfaces. D. it allows the development of drugs that target metabolic pathways unique to the pathogen they can become mobile and search for mating partners D. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of the loss of all decomposers? repeated cell divisions the half that is overlapped gets progressively D. Decreasing light availability caused by an increase in suspended particles, Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. In a zygotic life cycle This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped D. It can occur through endosymbiosis. E. Excavata, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: E. Actinobacteria. camouflage them from grazers. This implies that the stramenopiles arose as heterotrophs, diversified, and then some of them acquired chromoplasts. Most stramenopiles are single-celled, but some are multicellular algae including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. A bacterial cell undergoes binary fission. Significance. C. because they must await a chemical signal from a fish before Which situation would be most likely to form a fossil under normal environmental conditions? Two ciliates in close proximity form a cytoplasmic bridge between them. B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. Listeria monocytogenes is a species of rod-shaped bacteria.

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