minorities influence majority opinion primarily through

eds. Vol. In these lines of research, group-level outcomes (e.g., consensual decisions, problem solving) are of focal interest, with minority influence being one of the multitude of processes underlying such outcomes. In the immediate aftermath of social change, the new majority showed little attachment to the groupa finding consistent with previous studies (Prislin et al., 2000, 2002; Prislin and Christensen, 2002, 2005b). What are self-affirmations and how can they be used to ward off cognitive dissonance? doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. J. Soc. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.005, Brewer, M. B. Jury trials: psychology and law, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Psychol. (1974). Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. Latan, B., and Wolf, S. (1981). Soc. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. WebJenna_Cuthbertson Terms in this set (10) Minorities influence majority opinion primarily through informational social influence. Since then, for a certain subset of Americans, each annual release by the bureau neutral, nonpartisan researchers who produce deliberately staid reports has become a sort of countdown to the white apocalypse. J. Pers. What kind of social influence can. Similar asymmetry but in the opposite direction has been documented in distribution of social burdens (e.g., illnesses, crime), which are heavier on minorities than majorities. Minority influence occurs when a minority group impacts the majoritys The researchers found that when the confederate seated themselves, without guidance, at the head seat, other participants were more likely to agree with their suggestion of an amount of compensation than if they followed the experimenter's directions. Worse, we now talk about cross-racial fertility rates Darwinistically, as if the census were monitoring a population of elephant seals in competition for a rookery. Minority influence is a type of social influence which results in a change ofviews amongstthe majority of members within a group. This idea invigorated research on social influence, which is evident in a subsequent outburst of studies on minority influence up to the 1990s, followed by a decrease and stabilization in the 2000s and 2010s. Web-pooled knowledge -diverse perspectives -others can challenge us to think deeper and more creatively group decision making (disadvantages) -individuals have group goals besides In his narrative histories published from 1885 to 1894, Roosevelt argued that as European immigrants were assimilated, their heritages were being absorbed into the American body, fusing Americans into a single people forged in the crucible of the frontier. Our history shows that Americas demographic boundaries evolve with the countrys composition. This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. 14, 755766. Psychol. Many Hispanics identify as white, and marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites make up more than 40 percent of recent interracial marriages. Caporael, L. R., and Baron, R. M. (1997). As we are currently re-evaluating our standards of conduct in light of repeated replication failures, which some label a crisis, it may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the practice of taking publication productivity as a proxy for scientific contribution. In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. 22, 177189. (2010). From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. Intergroup Relat. Apparently, a hard-earned social capital in the form of former opponents support paid high dividends as successful minorities became increasingly efficient in their advocacy. Erb, H-P., and Bohner, G. (2001). Soc. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. Leading figures within the movement, such as Emmeline Pankhurst, founded the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) to change the majority-held views onthe role of women in society. This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. (2002). As a counterbalance to research on the informational value of minority advocacy, several lines of research have emphasized the role of social identity and the resultant normative pressures in determining reactions to minority influence, which reactions expand beyond attitudinal shifts to include group-categorization (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990; David and Turner, 2001) and self-categorization (e.g., Wood et al., 1996). The country broadened the definition of white people enough to maintain power over African Americans and Asian people (and later Hispanics). doi: 10.1080/14792779108401862. A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ________. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Terrorism as a tactic of minority influence, in Coping With Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. eds. Understanding their motivations is in the core of psychological approaches to social action, with different models emphasizing a variety of motives that reflect groups moral, fairness, and identity standards. What is it, and how does it work in each case? Yet, no amount of normative or pragmatic pressure can extinguish minorities. 51, 629636. Minority influence and political interest groups, in The Social Psychology of Politics. People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. Psychol. Issues Policy Rev. Number of studies on minority influence per decade. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). Provide examples. Int. They have been conducted within the framework of the gain-loss asymmetry model of change in minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). Soc. The civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950s and 60s used minority influence to gain support for the equal rights of citizens, irrespective of race. Levine, J. M., and Choi, H.-S. (2010). Bull. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12072. Lateral attitude change. 67, 519. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment revealed how social roles can influence How Theodor Adorno's F-scale aimed to identify fascism and authoritarian How false memories are created and can affect our ability to recall events. (2017). Psychol. Groups in which members are obedient to accepted norms tend to engage in groupthink, whereby long-held views are upheld without question. Gordijn, E. H., de Vries, N. K. and de Dreu, C. K. W. (2002). Rev. Rev. In this instance, groupthink can lead to the factory becoming uncompetitive, whilstits competitors adopt more efficient practices. Systematic and nonsystematic processing of majority and minority persuasive communication. It remained consistently high over time. Psychol. The latter is simply too costly for a frequent-publication dictum (see Levine and Kaarbo, 2001). ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique. This is not to say that any single influence strategy is associated with any particular single motive; however, the same strategy may be employed differently in service of different motives. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. Copping With Minority Status. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The many advantages associated with majority positions, along with the many disadvantages associated with minority positions (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Prislin and Christensen, 2005a), fuel minorities attempts at social change. Bull. Specifically, a minority faction was created by having most confederates oppose the participants stance on one or more socially important issues; conversely, a majority faction was created by having most confederates support the participants stances. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. Elites efforts at influence are likely to be directed toward preserving, not changing, the status quo. Within this context, evidence exists Also, it has informed efforts to address such important issues as jury deliberations (Nemeth, 1981), minority victimization (Moscovici and Prez, 2007), terrorism (Chen and Kruglanski, 2009), educational reform (Butera et al., 2021), climate change (Bolderdijk and Jans, 2021), and dietary practices (De Groeve and Rosenfeld, 2022). Jetten, J., and Hornsey, M. J. To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. The acts of claiming and developing land and defending it against the forces of nature all constituted rites of passage that transformed foreigners into Americans. Albert Bandura's influential Bobo doll experiments reveal how children imitate TV violence and the behavior of others. eds. Rev. Privacy & Cookies As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation. Soc. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. The conflict elaboration theory of social influence, in Understanding Group Behavior: Small Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. (1991). WebMinority influence is the opposite process of conformity. As a result, the group should be weakened in the immediate aftermath of social change. Acad. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). The daunting complexity of the social influence dynamics is challenging to capture in a formal model, much less empirical research. Successful conversion of a sufficient number of group members to the minority position reverses positions (majority minority), representing a loss for the former majority and a gain for the former minority. Clark, R. D. and Maas, A. Psychol. Eur. To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society? On the other hand, minorities motivated to be socially accepted need not necessarily seek converts to their position.5 Rather, they may pursue social change by advocating for tolerance. Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. (1983). The latter strategies are especially likely in the cases of mutual interdependence between majorities and minorities. Nemeth, C. J. Group Process. The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. For example, minorities motivated to be socially validated and those motivated to gain social control are likely to pursue social change seeking converts to their position to transform themselves to a majority (minority majority). WebContends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Discover which Jungian Archetype your personality matches with this archetype test. An additional unique 33 empirical studies have been published since then and the end of December 2020, as identified searching the PsycInfo database, manually searching outlets in which earlier studies on minority influence appeared, and cross-reference checking.2 As evident in Figure 1, after a somewhat slow startor, one could say, a delayed impact of Moscovicis ideasthis research saw a steady increase in representation in scientific outlets, reaching its zenith in the 1990s, but gradually declining in the subsequent two decades.3. Two lines of research: One on group decision-making, and another on the impact that newcomers to groups make, provide alternative approaches to the study of minority influence.4 Within these lines of research, minority influence is addressed in the context of interacting groups, with minority and majority positions publicly advocated and hence, memberships in minority and majority factions actively experienced. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Up to 5 incorrect questions that you can provide the reason as to why that answer is, Q#14 getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate ones core values, as compared to, getting no money to violate ones values should, Q#16 if you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest trend just to blend in with others, you. And in subsequent decades, the United States admitted millions of Italians, Jews and other ethnicities, with their foreign languages, religions and complexions. Although they are distinct compliance strategies, the "that's not all" and "door in the face" techniques share a common mechanism. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. R. M. Sorentino and E. T. Higgins (New York: Guilford Press), 2884. Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). Soc. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). These initially created positions either remained stable throughout the groups interactions or were reversed when, halfway through the groups interactions, several opponents (supporters) switched their alliances to support (oppose) the participant. Even though it promoted the rights of a minority of the population, the movement helped to end public segregation based on race with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2).

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